The Future Prospects Of Cloud Computing

The Future Prospects Of Cloud Computing Cloud computing involves delivering hosted services over the Internet. These services are divided into three types: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). The name was inspired by the cloud symbol thats often used to represent the Internet in flow charts and diagrams. Cloud computing is used to describe both a platform and type of application. A cloud computing platform provisions, configures, reconfigures, and deprovisions servers as needed. Servers in the cloud can be physical or virtual machines. Cloud computing also describes applications that are accessible through the Internet. Anyone with a suitable Internet connection and a standard browser can access a cloud application. Characteristics of Cloud Figure 1: Cloud Structure Dynamic computing infrastructure Cloud computing demands a dynamic computing infrastructure. The foundation for the dynamic structure is a scalable, standardized, and secure physical infrastructure. There should be redundant levels to ensure high levels of availability, but mostly to extend as usage growth demands it, without requiring architectural rework. It must also be virtualized. These services require easy provisioning and de-provisioning via software automation. IT service-centric approach Cloud computing is IT service-centric. This is in contrast to system- or server- centric models. In most of the cases, users of the cloud would prefer to easily access a dedicated instance of an application or service. Service Centric approach enables user adoption and business agility, reducing costs or driving revenue. Self-service based usage model This model must provide an easy to use user interface that enables users to manage the service delivery lifecycle. The advantage of self service from the users perspective is empowerment and independence that yields significant business agility. One benefit often overlooked from the service providers perspective is that the more self service that can be delegated to users, the less administrative involvement is necessary. This saves both time and money. Minimally or self-managed platform In order for a service provider to efficiently provide a cloud for its clients, they must leverage a technology platform that is self managed. A provisioning engine for deploying services, recovering resources for high levels of reuse, mechanisms for scheduling and reserving resource capacity, and capabilities for configuring, managing, and reporting to ensure resources can be allocated, tools for controlling access to resources and policies. 2.5. Consumption-based billing Cloud computing is usage-driven and consumers pay for only the resources they use and therefore are charged or billed on a consumption-based model. Cloud computing must provide mechanisms to capture usage information that enables integration with billing systems. The value from a users perspective is the ability for them to pay only for the resources they use, helping them keep their costs down. From providers perspective, it allows them to track usage for charge back and billing purposes. Types of Clouds Figure 2: Cloud Types Public cloud Public cloud also referred to as external cloud describes cloud computing in the conventional sense. Here the resources are dynamically provisioned over the Internet, through web applications or web services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on a utility computing basis. Community cloud A community cloud can be established where many organizations have similar type of requirements and seek to share the infrastructure so as to realize some of the benefits of cloud computing. This option is comparatively expensive but offers a higher level of privacy, security and/or policy compliance. Example of community cloud includes Googles Gov Cloud. Hybrid cloud A hybrid cloud consisting of multiple internal and/or external providers is most common for enterprises. By combining numerous cloud services, users are able to ease and facilitate the transition to public cloud services. Another perspective on deploying a web application in the cloud is using Hybrid Hosting, where the hosting is a mix between Cloud Hosting for the web server, and Managed dedicated server for the database server. Private cloud For private cloud, implementing the cloud is controlled completely by the enterprise. They are hence also referred to as internal clouds. Private clouds are implemented in the companys data center and managed by internal resources. A private cloud maintains all corporate data in resources under the control of the legal umbrella of the organization. Architecture of Cloud Computing The architecture of cloud computing is rooted in hardware and software infrastructures that enable scaling and virtualization. Many data centers deploy these capabilities today. Figure 3: Cloud Architecture Virtualized Infrastructure Virtualization ensures that applications or business services are not directly dependent on the underlying hardware infrastructure such as storage, servers, or networks. This allows business services to move dynamically in a very efficient manner, based upon predefined policies. Virtualized Applications This component helps the application to decouple itself from the underlying operating system, storage, hardware, and network to enable flexibility in deployment. Virtualized Application servers can take advantage of grid computing along with SOA and ensures scalability to meet the business requirements. Development tools Development tools can facilitate clouds distributed computing capabilities. These tools not only facilitate service orchestration but also enable business processes to be developed that can leverage the parallel processing capabilities. The development tools must support dynamic provisioning. Enterprise Management Enterprise management provides the top-down, end-to-end management of the virtualized infrastructure. The enterprise management layer handles the full lifecycle of virtualized resources. Security and Identity Management Clouds must make use of a security infrastructure and unified identity to enable flexible provisioning. As clouds provision resources external to the enterprises legal boundaries, it becomes absolutely necessary to implement an Information Asset Management system to provide the requisite controls to meet compliance requirements. Current Benefits of Cloud Computing Decoupling and separation of business from infrastructure Elastic nature of the infrastructure to rapidly allocate and de-allocate massively scalable resources on a demand basis Reduced costs due to operational efficiencies Cloud makes it possible to launch Web 2.0 applications scale up applications as much as needed when needed supports traditional Javaà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ and Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP (LAMP) stack-based applications as well as new architectures such as MapReduce and the Google File System, which provide a means to scale applications across thousands of servers instantly Business Problem The main issues related to cloud computing in current situation revolves around: How does cloud computing alter the business model of ITeS? What are the economic and technical aspects of cloud implementation? How cloud computing will affect business? What are the potential drivers and barriers in cloud computing? Cloud computing can help users avoid capital expenditure (CapEx) on hardware, software, and services when they pay a provider only for what they use. Consumption is billed similar to a utility (like electricity) or subscription (like a newspaper) basis with little or no upfront cost. Another advantage of this time sharing style approach is low barrier to entry, shared infrastructure and costs, low management overhead, and immediate access to a broad range of applications. Users can generally terminate the contract at any time and the services are often covered by SLAs with financial penalties. Other factors impacting the scale of any cost savings include the efficiency of a companys data center as compared to the cloud vendors, the companys existing operating costs, and the type of functionality being hosted in the cloud. Existing Scenario The Existing Cloud Computing Adoption Model The existing cloud computing adoption by enterprise is modelled on Capability Maturity Model (CMM). The Cloud Computing Adoption Model proposes five steps: Level 1: Virtualization as the Cloud adoption employs application virtualization technology for shared server infrastructure and seamless portability. Level 2: Cloud Experimentation since Virtualization occurs internally or externally, based on Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) to compute capacity and as a result of the reference architecture. Level 3: Cloud Foundations occurring due to procedures, policies, Governance, controls, and best practices begin to form around the deployment and development of cloud applications. These efforts always focus on non-mission critical, internal applications. Level 4: Cloud Advancement. Government foundations allow organizations to scale up the volume of cloud applications through broad-based deployments in the cloud. Level 5: Cloud Actualization as the Applications are distributed based on proximity to user, cloud capacity, cost. This Model outlines the readiness criteria, expected returns, risk factors, strategic goals, key investment requirements for graduating to the next step. Cloud Computing Alters ITeS Business Models The conventional value chain for IT services, extending from design, development, maintenance and support of IT infrastructures to the maintenance of the application and ITC landscape, is changing as a result of cloud computing concepts. The existing ITeS Business model as shown below is altered due to the impact of cloud computing and is explained below: Figure 4: ITeS Business Model Infrastructure Core Capabilities: The core capabilities required to deliver cloud services to the customers can be classified into 3 segments. These are: Service management and provisioning: This segment consists of Operations management, Service Provisioning, SLA management, Utilization Monitoring, Backup, Data Management. Security and Data Privacy: This segment consists of Authentication and Authorization, Data Network Security, Data Privacy, Auditing and Accounting Data Center Facilities: Under this part comes the Routers/Firewalls, LAN/WAN, Internet Access, Hosting Centers. Partners: If companies want SAAS to live up to its potential in a community-focused business model-centralizing communication, collaboration and business synchronicity across multiple, diverse companies-they need to augment technology implementation with a fresh approach to partner management. Key Processes: Cloud Services currently offers various services like Test and Development, Internet application Hosting, Disaster Recovery, File Storage, On-demand Storage, utility Computing, SaaS Applications, Log processing, Batch Computing, Jobs, Application Development. Offering Value Proposition: There are certain compelling benefits that the customers receive from Cloud Computing. These are: Reduce Cost: Reduction in total cost of ownership by optimally using the hardware and Software licenses Agility: The infrastructure can be provisioned quickly Global Scale: Massively scalable engines allow building highly scalable services for consumers Customers Customer Segments: The main target segment for the cloud services are the big enterprises, medium enterprises, small enterprises, independent software vendors, developers, etc. Customer Requirements: The main things that the customers require from cloud service providers are easy to use console, reliability, security, flexibility, low cost, green IT, etc. Finances Cost Structure: Cloud computing builds on established trends for driving the cost out of the delivery of services while increasing the speed and agility with which services are deployed. The cost of these environments is minimal because they can coexist on the same servers as production environments because they use few resources. Revenue: Cloud computing enables a shift in IT provision from direct purchase and payment for services to provision of services which are free at point of use and where revenue is derived from advertising. The largest component of the overall cloud services market is cloud-based advertising. Profit: Thus with reduction of cost in a great extent and a shift of revenue model to the advertisements, the profit for the Cloud Services is expected to be quite bright. The maturity model structure helps to classify and compare Cloud computing offerings Figure 5: Cloud Computing Maturity Model For Software as a Service (SaaS), there are business models based on pure SaaS solutions, with independent architectures. The Internet browser plays a key part and becomes part of the SaaS applications and acts as the user interface. A SaaS provider manages an application in their proprietary data center and makes it available to multiple users over the Web. Oracle CRM On Demand, Salesforce.com, and Netsuite are some of the well known SaaS examples For Platform as a Service (PaaS), the largest variant involves extensive middleware components. This platform comprises of infrastructure software, and typically includes a database, middleware and development tools. Creation of full-service platform solutions means that independent software vendors (ISVs) and IT departments of system integrators can develop and deliver applications online using third-party infrastructure services. For example, Google AppEngine is a PaaS offering where developers write in Python or Java. EngineYard is Ruby on Rails. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) business model comprises three different types: public, private and hybrid cloud models. It is the evolution of conventional hosting that doesnt need any commitment and at the same time ensures the users to the provision of resources on demand. Amazon Web Services Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Secure Storage Service (S3) are examples of IaaS offerings Economic Aspects of Cloud Implementation Due to recessionary impact as the demand for cost optimisation rises high, cloud computing is emerging as an option for large and small players, seemingly to the benefit of consulting companies in that domain. Cloud computing offers virtualized resources as a service over the internet, incorporating infrastructure, software and platform as services, without a user having to bear large costs by way of acquiring expensive assets in any of the three. It reduces capex into opex and enables computing at a fraction of the investment required to buy all the hardware and software. Technical Aspects of Cloud Implementation The three most important technical aspects of the cloud three items of the Cloud: 1) infinite computing resources 2) elimination of an up-front commitment and 3) pay for use of computing resources on a short-term basis as needed. The other important aspects are discusses below Server Compute Capacity The most important reason for leveraging cloud capabilities is to quickly gain access to hundreds or thousands of computers for compute capacity as and when required. Use of the cloud can be up to 90% faster than using servers in data centers. It is ideal for seasonal business load and traffic spikes. Storage Capacity There is so much structured and unstructured data on Enterprise storage servers that managing it requires a major cost. As building compute capacity in the Enterprise has become expensive, so has the building of storage capacity. The use of cloud computing for storage capacity can be ideal, especially for spikes in usage. Network Access Cloud computing services are generally accessed and delivered through and over the web. Compared to a traditional model, the use of a public network rather than a private network is a big change. The inherent routing delivery advantages of TCP-IP that gets messages to their destination even when multiple paths are down can be applied through cloud computing. Multiple Locations A cloud provider with multiple locations for delivery, fail-over and back-up. The technical capabilities enables load to be easily transferred from one location to another. Easy to use Cloud computing can be used as programming and technical conventions are similar enough to those of conventional computing, and leading cloud computing platforms have open APIs. How Cloud Computing will Change business New generation of products and services Cloud computing allows innovative companies offer products that are significantly less costly due to reduced capex and new business models Lightweight form of real-time partnerships and outsourcing with IT suppliers Cloud computing will provide agility and control that traditional outsourcing providers cannot match for the most part. Awareness and leverage of the greater Internet applications and Web 2.0 in particular A reconciliation of traditional SOA with the cloud and other emerging IT models Web-Oriented Architecture fits very well with cloud technologies which are heavily Web-based and its a natural way of building SOA at every level of the organization. Rise of new industry leaders and IT vendors Well-funded new cloud startups will bring new technologies, new sensibility (radical openness and transparency, and Web-focus) thats often needed with cloud computing More self-service IT from the business-side SaaS will require increasingly less and less involvement from the IT department. More tolerance for innovation and experimentation With lesser and lesser economic and technological barriers creating new ways to improve the business, cloud computing will enable prototyping and market validation of new approaches much faster Drivers Barriers of Cloud Computing Customer Perspective: Drivers economics Faster, simpler, cheaper to use cloud apps No upfront capital required for servers and storage No ongoing operational expenses for running datacenter Applications can be accessed from anywhere, anytime Customer Perspective: Barriers Data Security Many customers dont wish to trust their data to the cloud Data must be locally retained for regulatory reasons Latency The cloud can be many milliseconds away Not suitable for real-time applications Application Availability Cannot switch from existing legacy applications Equivalent cloud applications do not exist Vendor Perspective: Drivers economics Easier for application vendors to reach new customers Lowest cost way of delivering and supporting applications Ability to use commodity server and storage hardware Ability to drive down data center operational cots Vendor Perspective: Barriers Service Level Agreements What if something goes wrong? What is the true cost of providing SLAs? Business Models SaaS/PaaS models are challenging Much lower upfront revenue Customer Lock-in Customers want open/standard APIs Need to continuously add value Risks Security Issues in Cloud Computing Currently many companies are considering moving applications to the cloud but still there is doubt about the security of third party services. There are following risks security issues involved with cloud computing: No ownership of Hardware Companies who want to audit the providers and do their own testing need to consider the fact that they dont own the hardware. Conducting a penetration test requires the permission of the cloud-service provider .Otherwise; the client is illegally hacking into the providers systems. While some SLAs such as Amazons specify that testing of their software running on the providers systems can be done but getting explicit permission is key. Need of Strong policies and user education Cloud computing provides companies numerous benefits, to allow access to data from anywhere and removing maintenance headaches from the IT staff, but the phishing attacks that hit workers at home could threaten the company. Thus there is need for training the employees for the proper use of benefits especially to non technical users Risk related to machine instances There is always a risk during the use of virtual machine from a provider; companies should never trust the system. Companies should create their own images for internal use, and protect themselves legally from potentially malicious third-party developers. Privileged user access Sensitive data processing brings with it an inherent risk, because outsourcing services bypass the physical, logical and personnel controls IT shops exert over in-house programs. So it is advisable to fetch as much information as you can about the people who manage your data. Regulatory compliance Customers are finally responsible for the integrity and security of own data, even if it is held by a service provider. Traditional service providers are subjected to external audits and security certifications. Cloud computing providers who do not undergo this scrutiny are indicating that clients can only use them for the most trivial functions. Risk related to Data location Data can be located at any location and one might not even know where it will be stored like the name of the country also. So it may not be clear, whether the provider is obeying the local privacy requirements. Risks with Encryption Schemes Data in the cloud is in a shared environment along with data from other customers. Encryption is effective but isnt panacea. It is important to find out what can be done to segregate data at rest .The cloud provider should provide proof that encryption standards were designed and validated by experienced specialists. Recovery Risk On the one hand user does not know the location of data while on the other hand he doesnt know what will happen to his data and service in case of a disaster. Any absence of disaster recovery or offering that does not replicate the data across multiple sites is potentially vulnerable to a complete failure. Recommendations Future Prospects Lower costs of market entry Application deployment, faster payback on development costs, and superior return on investment will drive cloud-based platform adoption for both entrepreneurial and enterprise developers. Internal Clouds Most IT organizations will opt for internal clouds. These are cloudy environments that are implemented within a companys own data centers. The case for this perspective is that before IT orgs reach out to external cloud providers, theyll want to get better use out of the equipment they already have. Providers that Understand their target audience Ride the new wave of Virtualization solutions Migrations, business process automations, BPM,consultancies Chose to be an IaaS Appropriate visibility, analytics, OS, storage, DR, compute power, security, on demand billing, Fully integrated Platform as a Service IaaS, ERP, Databases, XML files, flat files, web services, API availability, DNS Niche specialists -Mobile or VoIP platforms

Urban Regeneration of London Docklands – A sustainable success?

During the late 18th century and early 19th century the London Docklands were a very important industrial centre and the busiest port in the world. Right into the early part of the 20th century, the docks provided employment for thousands of dockers. Trade was focused around maritime activities, for example shipbuilding and the import of goods, such as tobacco and sugar, stored in large warehouses encircling the docks. Traffic through the Royal Docks reached its peak in the 1950s and early 1960s. However after a turn of technological improvements, the docks became abandoned and derelict. The first change, in the 1950's, was an increase in the size of ships. The ships were so big that trade had to be moved down river to Tilbury docks, which was next to the sea and not crowded by poor roads and a large city. Unemployment, few amenities and poor living conditions followed this in 1970. Other changes included a rise in air travel, competition from other ports and the need for more space. All these factors resulted in the closure of the London Docklands in 1981creating an area of derelict and unused space. The conditions for the locals in 1981 were very poor, there were a lot of high density housing – cheap, but small and old fashioned. Over half of the Docklands was derelict, vacant or under-used with empty factories and other buildings. There was virtually no open space and only a few small shops and leisure facilities. Transport was poorly developed and the narrow roads were congested with lorries. The unemployment rate was 17.8% and the population of the Docklands had fallen by 20%. Something needed to change, so in July 1981 the London Docklands Development Corporation was set up to improve the social, economic and environmental conditions of the area. The LDDC was an urban development corporation set up by an Act of Parliament it wanted to tackle the main problems of the area, and attract new people to live and work there. The LDDC wanted to undertake the issues of: * Transport * Utilities * The environment * Housing * Community infrastructure * Unemployment * Reclamation Example of Environmental Development Details Visual appearance * Refurbishment of docks allowing them public access. * Urban design, street furniture, public art. * Restoration of listed properties. * Reclamation of 7square km of derelict land. Environmental projects * Wildlife and nature parks created. * 160,000 trees planted. * 17 conservation areas. Example of Social Development Details Housing * 19,000 new homes built. * 2,000 new social housing units. * 770 council houses refurbished. Community infrastructure * 12 new primary schools. * 5 new health centres and 6 refurbished health centres. Utilities * Improvement in drainage. * Improvement in electricity supplies. Example of Economic Development Details Tourism * Increase in Tourism, with Docklands receiving 2.1 million visitors last year. Unemployment * Unemployment rates: 17.8% in 1981 and 7.2% in December 1997. * Population increased from 39,000 in 1981, to 68,000 in 1995. * 2,800 new jobs created. Transport à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½950million spent * New roads. * Docklands Light Railway. * London City Airport. * Pedestrian and cycle networks. Commercial Development * Many companies chose to move out and make the most of the cheap office rents and open space. * 16million mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of commercial development completed. * 11.2 million sq. ft of completed new office space. * à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.7 billion of public centre investment and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6.1 billion of private investment towards new businesses and office developments. * Large superstores and shopping complexes. However not every aspect of the regeneration was successful, some of the impacts that affected the local people and the area were not good ones: * The new jobs created did not solve unemployment as they were designed to attract rich, skilled workers, there were few jobs created for the unskilled inner city population. * Money was spent on expensive office blocks rather than local amenities and services. * Wealthy new people brought extra money and trade to the area, but this caused local shop prices to rise. * The new housing built is too expensive for the locals. This has lead to gentrification. * Poverty in social housing estates was outlined and inequality increased, when rich, skilled workers moved to the area. * The traditional ‘Eastenders' community was destroyed by the changes. * Transport schemes were seen as inadequate, although there has been some improvement with the Jubilee line extension in the 1990's, critics believe it should have been in place before. * The recession in the early 1990's saw work stopping on Canary Wharf and a sharp increase in unemployed and homeless people. Physically and environmentally, the London Docklands regeneration has been a success, however socially it has been a failure, especially for lower social classes. A survey taken in 1996 showed that 22% of people thought that life had got worse as a result of the regeneration. However other factors and mainly the visual appearance of the Docklands is much better than it would have been had the regeneration not taken place.

Report: High School and Attendance Essay

Introduction Like other schools around the nation, Beech Grove Intermediate School is experiencing a serious problem with attendance. This has been cited as a problem and something that needs to be addressed so that Beech Grove Intermediate can achieve the attendance rate they need to become a Four-Star status school. Currently, the attendance at Beech Grove Intermediate is averaging around 95 percent. The rate needs to increase to 97 percent for the school to achieve Four-Star status. Beech Grove Intermediate does have an attendance policy; however, other strategies could be implemented to increase the attendance. Attendance is an important part of children’s and parents’ everyday responsibilities, and poor attendance habits cause lifelong consequences. Many schools around the nation report low attendance and high tardiness rates. This problem needs to be addressed in order to help our children do well in school and become responsible adults. Children who are habitually late or chronically absent miss out on much that is learned in school. Even being 5 to 10 minutes late each day creates a situation where children can lose a considerable amount of time that is being spent on their schooling. Also, it is known that children with poor attendance rates in elementary and high school continue to show problems of tardiness and even proficiency later in life once they go to college or pursue a career. Changes in the attendance program at Beech Grove are needed, and the following report is intended to propose tactics for increasing the attendance rate at Beech Grove Intermediate School. Methodology For this report we surveyed teachers from six local elementary and secondary schools to get an idea of what other schools were doing to increase their attendance. We received 50 completed questionnaires. We also searched scholarly databases such as ERIC to find relevant articles on the problem of increasing attendance. These articles outline several solutions to increasing attendance in schools. Review of the Literature This review of recently published literature on attendance addresses causes, effective policies, parental contact, community involvement, teacher/student relationships, and rewards and incentives to increase student attendance. Causes of Absenteeism. All the literature agrees that absenteeism is an all too common problem for schools around the country. This can be traced to a range of causes from unsupportive school environment to poor health of the student. According to John Doughtery (1999), home dynamics play a key role in absenteeism. The parents are the key to how often a child attends class (Doughtery, 1999, p. 10). Janet Ford and Richard Sutphen (1996) agree with this and list parent influence on absenteeism as number two on their list for reasons for absence. They go on to state that lack of caring by the parents, or parents who are not home to see the child off to school are major reasons for students not to go to class, especially with younger students (Ford & Sutphen, 1996, p. 96). Other than home life, illness of the child is also given as a common reason for absenteeism in the literature. Also, appointments and vacations are listed as top reasons in the literature as well. Doughtery attests to this in saying, â€Å"It is now common practice for students to miss school for general appointments to avoid tests and assignments† (1999, p.10). Two authors noted that homeless students or students who live in a family that move very frequently are more likely to be chronically absent from school (Epstien, Sheldon, 2002, p. 311). Some of the authors also agree that if a student is not succeeding in school then they are less likely to want to come to school. This also goes along with schools that do not give praise to students or interact with the students so that no one feels left out, and help to see that everyone succeeds (Doughtery, 1999, p. 10). In short, all of the authors agree that parental involvement and student-teacher interaction is very important in keeping absenteeism down. Effective Policies and Parental Contact As schools seek new programs and ideas for increasing student attendance, one of the two most frequently mentioned tactics in the literature are having an effective attendance policy and increasing communication with parents and guardians. According to Dan Vandivier (2003), a high school principal, attendance policies must be stringent and must also be persistently adhered to. He states that policies must be fair and also have â€Å"flexibility to accommodate mitigating circumstances† (Vandivier, 2003, p. 81). Vandivier’s new attendance policy no longer distinguished between excused and unexcused and allowed administration discretion in dealing with excessive absences for legitimate reasons (Vandivier, 2003, p. 81). Dougherty (1999) agrees that schools must produce a clear fair attendance policy that is up to date and standardized and communicate it. Many studies have also shown a correlation between increased parental contact and increased attendance (Smerka, 1993; Epstein & Sheldon, 2002). Smerka (1993) noted that after mailing notices to all parents informing them of the success of the attendance program and asking for their support, the perfect attendance rate increased to 13. 9 percent (p. 96. ) He claimed that the key to good attendance is promoting it everywhere to everyone (Smerka, 1993, p. 96). Another study also found that â€Å"the degree to which schools overcame the challenge of communicating effectively with families was related to gains in student attendance and declines in chronic absenteeism† (Epstein & Sheldon, 2002, p. 315). The study noted that providing families with someone to talk to at the school about attendance or other issues was effective in increasing attendance (Epstein & Sheldon, 2002, p. 315). In addition to simply having contact with parents, many authors agree that it is the responsibility of the parents to monitor their student’s absenteeism (Dougherty, 1999; Ford & Sutphen,1996; Kube & Radgan,1992). Dougherty (1999) says that parents â€Å"must be responsible for their child’s daily attendance and promptly inform the school attendance office when the student is absent† (p.11). One study shows that increasing communication with parents and involving them in the student’s education are strategies for increasing attendance. This study also cited the use of a letter to parents informing them of the policy and encouraging them to discuss the importance of good attendance with their children (Ford & Sutphen, 1996, p. 96). Another study also said that parents â€Å"must be responsible for the student’s daily attendance† and they must â€Å"stress the importance of daily attendance to their children† (Kube & Radgan, 1992). Creating effective attendance policies that are reviewed and renewed regularly and establishing parental contact are very important stepping stones for increasing attendance in schools. Community Involvement While it is not crucial to the success of an attendance program, many of our authors agree that solid community involvement can positively impact attendance rates. Many schools work with businesses in the community to offer incentives for students with good or perfect attendance (â€Å"Raising School Attendance,† 2002). John Daugherty (1999), an education professor at Linden-wood College, refers to programs which offer a series of incentives for attendance, ranging from fast-food coupons to entertainment centers which were offered at a discount from local businesses (p. 16). A different form of contribution is noted in Bob Maggi’s (1991) case study of a school in Missouri. A local company contributed $500 to fund their mentoring/ adoption program. Seeing how successful the project was, the company doubled the amount it contributes to the program. Another article suggests that schools work with law enforcement and local businesses. The author states, â€Å"With their support, children who should be in school will be in school† (â€Å"Raising School Attendance,† 2002). Joyce Epstein and Steven Sheldon from The Johns Hopkins University agree, saying, â€Å"Developing productive school-family-community connections has become one of the most commonly embraced policy initiatives in schools and school districts† (2002, p. 308). There are times when the community involvement takes a much more negative but still necessary angle. Often, students will be habitually absent and schools are now working to address that issue. Janet Ford and Richard Sutphen, social work professors at the University of Kentucky, mention that in some states or districts parents of students will face fines or even jail time if they fail to adhere to attendance laws (1996, p. 95). Dougherty suggests other tactics, such as â€Å"implementing police sweeps, involving local agencies and the media and notifying juvenile authorities† (1999). Of course, these tactics are usually implemented in only severe cases of absenteeism. Community involvement and support can be a wonderful addition to attendance policies if tailored to meet the school’s needs and the student’s desires. Teacher/Student Relationships While family and community involvement both play important roles in maintaining good student attendance, our sources all agree that student-teacher relationships are also very important. Several authors encourage one on one meetings, or mentoring students who have attendance problems. In fact, at least one study (Maggi, 1991) is devoted entirely to this practice and with great results, while others (â€Å"Raising school attendance,† 2001 and Vandiver, 2003) simply add it into their attendance programs. Authors agree that to curb poor attendance teachers should lecture students every day about the importance of attending school daily. Kube and Ratigan (1992) insist, â€Å"Teachers must let students know that they are missed when they have been absent. They must ensure that important learning experiences occur each day in their classes† (p. 3), while Dougherty (2003) concurs and adds, â€Å"And they must value and reward good attendance† (p. 76). According to the literature, the teachers are also responsible for coming up with new and creative ways to entice children into coming to school every day. These enticements run the gamut from Vandiver’s (2003) idea of being exempt from having to take the final exams if the student has perfect attendance to Ford and Sutphin’s (1996) strategy of giving tokens to students with good attendance so that they could cash them in on prizes at the end of the week (p. 98). In the end, authors agree that in order to keep attendance under control, educators need not only to regularly come up with new and innovative ideas to keep students coming to school but to consistently tell the students how important it is for them to be present every day. Rewards and Incentives Research has shown that attendance increases when schools incorporate incentive programs into their attendance policies. Bob Maggi (1998), principal at Jarrett High School, began a program which encouraged teachers to adopt a student. Maggi (1998) claimed that â€Å"A $500 grant from Southwestern Bell Foundation was distributed to the adopting teachers to be used to their discretion: for birthday or holiday gifts, for taking student out for dinner or a show, or to buy a sweatshirt or dance ticket† (p. 12). It only took one year for Jarrett High School to receive the results they were searching for. Terrance Smerke (1993, p. 95), principal of Aurora Middle School, along with other schools found it effective to reward the children with positive letters of their accomplishments (Best Practices for School Attendance, 1998). According to Janet Ford, PhD, and Richard Sutphen, PhD, both assistant professors, other types of incentives are posting student’s names in the hallway or reading them over the public address system (1996). One observation mentioned in the article â€Å"Raising School Attendance† (2002), was that Monday and Friday â€Å"are typically the days with the highest absenteeism. Planning special events for these days could improve attendance. † Vandivier (2003), principal of Twin Rivers High School, and John Dougherty (1999), professor of education at Linden-wood College, agree that rewards such as movie tickets, food coupons, and gift certificates will increase attendance. The article How do you improve student attendance, claims that one way to boost attendance is to put all the students’ names with perfect attendance into a drawing (2001, p. 26). Ann Kube, math teacher at North Scott High School, and Gary Radigan, principle at Ankeny High School, agree that incentives encourage students to attend school regularly (1992). As most of the authors stated, incentives have been proven to increase attendance. Punishments/Consequences All of our authors agree that absenteeism has negative consequences for students, schools and society. In the article â€Å"Early Intervention to Improve Attendance In Elementary School for At risk Children,† Janet Ford and Richard V. Sutphen discuss the effects on students. They say that non-attendees generally fall behind their peers in academic achievement and the development of social competence (Ford & Sutphen, 1996, p. 95). Consequences for parents include fines and jail time; consequences for schools are loss of funds, and for society higher rates of unemployment, poverty and lack of preparation to enter the work force (Ford & Sutphen, 1996, p. 95). Dougherty agrees that habits of absenteeism and tardiness affect work performance when youngsters become adults (1999, p. 7). In Dan Vandivier’s article entitled â€Å"Improving Attendance, A Formula that Worked† he discusses an attendance policy at Twin Rivers High School in Brosely, Montana. Policies stated that students that miss more than six days in a semester are not considered to have earned credit, and no distinction is made between excused and unexcused absences (2003, p. 81). As for students and specific punishments our authors disagreed with suspension. Dougherty states, â€Å"that suspending a student is giving them what he wants, a vacation† (1999, p. 9). As most of the authors conclude, there is some form of punishment given to a student that misses excessive days. Conclusion In conclusion, the above research findings all agree that attendance is a very important issue for students. The literature indicated that the following topics are important factors in increasing attendance: effective policies, parental contact, community involvement, teacher/student relationships, rewards and incentives, and punishments/consequences.

Crime Statistics Comparison - 2178 Words

Comparison of Crime Statistics Crime statistics endeavour to provide statistical measures of crime in societies. They provide a point of analysis and comparison, allow countries to form long-term patterns and trends and can help to develop and reform criminal justice policies as well as being more meaningful than raw numbers. Using the countries of Bahrain and the United States as a comparison point for the following issues which surround crime statistics such as biases, agendas and general influences like education and religion; this essay will be focused around analysing the statistical factors and wider influences which can allow a country to have low or high crime rates. Crime Definitions Definitions of what exactly constitutes†¦show more content†¦Wider Influences: Bahrain is a country which operates on all levels in relation to the teachings of the Qur’an. This makes up the fabric of life for the Bahraini people, the influence of the Islamic religion can be seen in the economic, political and social pathways of life within the culture of the country. In Bahrain, religion is the most important structure. The Islamic religion opposes wrongdoing in all its forms and that any wrongdoing can lead to the downfall of society. The teachings of the Prophet attempt to get rid of all forms of crime before it happens by influencing the individuals who follow the religion. Acts against the law therefore is not only a crime against society in the eyes of Bahraini people it is also a violation of the principles of God. In Bahrain there are even ‘moral police officers’ who regulate the dress and public behaviour of citizens (Helal, 1991). As the Qur’an provides the basis for society, it also provides the base for which laws are mad e. All laws however have major influence from the Western cultures, apart from marriage, divorce and succession which all fall under the Shari’ah. (Souryal, 1988)Therefore religion is a major influenceShow MoreRelatedCrime Data Comparison Paper731 Words   |  3 PagesCrime Data Comparison Paper Name CJA/ 314 January, 2014 Dr. Anthony Carbo Abstract In this paper, this student completes the following: This student will compare forcible rape crime rates for California and Oregon. This student will compare the data to show which metropolitan area had more reported incidents of forcible rape crimes. This student will also identify the rates of the crime for each metropolitan area. In addition, this student will address how the crime rate changed over timeRead MoreCrime Data Comparison Paper752 Words   |  4 PagesCrime Data Comparison Paper Randy Morgan Axia College Jennifer Duncan February 4th, 2013 The two metropolitan areas I have decided to do my research paper on are Cincinnati, Ohio and Dallas, Texas. I choose Cincinnati because it is one of the bigger cities where I live. I choose Dallas because there seems to be a big differenceRead MoreThe Home Is More Dangerous Than The Street1692 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction †¢ It will be argued that the home is more dangerous than the street. †¢ key elements discussed= target population of women, perception vs reality (including fear paradox) and current statistics of street and home crime. †¢ The reason why i have chosen these elements to be explored are because I believe it will be the best topics to be discussed to persuade readers to agree with the contentiion. Body Paragraph 1 †¢ Target population of women = Women face greater risk of death in theRead MoreEssay about The Criminal Justice System753 Words   |  4 Pagescommitting crimes. There have been many miscarriages to justice where innocent people were sent to prison. Many people have been affected by crime, this is due to statistics, which show the various number of crimes committed in particular areas. Crime statistics are compiled differently by different forces which is notoriously unreliable. There are two ways of measuring crime, through police figures, which reflect recorded crimes and through British Crime Survey (BCS)Read MoreThe Extent to Which Official Crime Statistics Provides a Reliable Estimate of the Amount of Crime Committed in England and Wales961 Words   |  4 PagesThe Extent to Which Official Crime Statistics Provides a Reliable Estimate of the Amount of Crime Committed in England and Wales The Criminal Justice System is an area of the English Legal System that strikes a balance between punishing the guilty and protecting the innocent. This balance has been the subject of much debate in the last 20 years because there has been a large number of miscarriages of justice, where innocent citizens/ people are sent to prison. This then Read MoreJuvenile Crime Statistics677 Words   |  3 PagesIndividual Assignment; Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper CJA374 Juvenile Justice Systems and Processes Francisco Jorge Flores Sr. December 3rd, 2012 Mrs. Amy Gordon University of Phoenix Write a 700 to 1,050 word paper summarizing the key points of the â€Å"Juvenile Arrests 2008† article. Address the following; According to Puzzanchera (2009), on his Juvenile Arrests 2008, article published through the Juvenile Justice Bulletin from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, juvenileRead MoreThe Uniform Crime Report And Crime Statistics1066 Words   |  5 PagesThe Uniform Crime Report represents police reported crime statistics. It includes a number of reported offences, actual offences, offences cleared by charge, and offences cleared otherwise (Morden, H. K. and Palys, T., 2015). The police-reported crime statistics best represent the positivist perspective. It is not biased, and complete, accurate, and standardized to facilitate temporal and spatial comparisons (Morden, H. K. and Palys, T., 2015). It also believes that Criminal Code reflects society’sRead MoreNeighborhood Safety in Los Angeles Counties910 Words   |  4 Pagesindicators of a safe city is a low crime rate. To what can the crime rate be compared? The general comparison could be to another city, or at the national level. Statistics show that the population and the crime ratio in the county are by comparison less. In examining the statistics issued it can be seen that the latest statistics show that the crime rates in Los Angeles with a population of, 792,621 is said to be  safest city at  26% of other cities. The crimes in the violent nature against propertyRead MoreThe Japanese Criminal Justice System1203 Words   |  5 Pagesor to emulate its criminal justice system (Ebbe, 2000). The interest is based on statistical data that indicate low levels of criminality in the developed nation of Japan in comparison to others. From these statistics, it would imply that Japan’s way of dealing with crime is more effective in its prevention. While the statistic might be solid, the texts on the criminal system may be flawed by Orientalism (Adcock, 2008). That is, the way metaphors are used to trivialise other cultures in a summarisingRead MoreCorrelation Between Crime And Cri me1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of crime statistics has been utilised to ascertain information about the trends within crime, such as its amount, location and the levels of the types of crime committed and generally by whom. It also allows for researchers to view any types of correlations between crime and other factors. For example, Rohrer (1982) noted that monetary inflation can have a significant effect on accounts of criminal damage exceeding  £20 in value, between the years of 1969 and 1977. Furthermore, there have

The Importance Of Memory In 1984 - 975 Words

Memory. According to the Webster Dictionary, memory is â€Å"The power or process of reproducing or recalling what has been learned and retained especially through associative mechanisms† (Webster Dictionary) Taking that under consideration, imagine if everyone didn’t remember the last time they smiled, their siblings last birthday, or the last really good meal they had. The last time they laughed so hard their ribs hurt, the last time they had so much fun that they couldn’t believe it really even happened. Or the last time they told someone they loved them, before they probably never saw them again. Thats memory, now could they imagine if they didn’t remember any of that anymore, because it was taken away. It was such a long time ago and so†¦show more content†¦An example of this is that they talk about how the equation two plus two is five. But everyone knows that its four, yet they brainwash and persuade aggressively different. â€Å"In the en d the Party would announce that two and two made five, and you would have to believe it† (80). This is an example of how the Party can brainwash people to even thinking that somehow, in their mind even though they know that two and two is four. They make you believe that against everything you know, that it equals five. They tell you things, for so long and for so much that you start to believe it. If someone tells you something for a year, and you haven’t heard anything else for that long of a time. Then you start to believe it because you have nothing else to believe. This keeping the government in control because they don’t have memory of any of that stuff. The past. The past isn’t a thing in 1984. The real past that is. They took the history and real facts about life behind them and twisted them. They twisted them to make them their own. Their own history, that they tell their people and make them believe it. They don’t tell them about historical moments that shaped the country they used to know. They tell them things to make them think that times then were better than times were back then. But deep down they know that time now is not as great as it could be. But they don’t know that and that makes it harder forShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Collective Memory In 19842005 Words   |  9 Pagesdystopian novel. Set in London in the year 1984 (surprise!) the story revolves around a character named Winston and his small rebellion against his society, the nation of Oceania. Oceania is a totalitarian society that attempts to control the thoughts of its citizens through the use propaganda, young indoctrination, threat of punishment, and the constant modification of proof of the past. Because of this extreme control over the society’s collective thought and memory Oceania believes that it can effectivelyRead MoreThe Sun Parlor, By Dorothy West1739 Words   |  7 Pagesmatter of moments. Sometimes, it’s funny to see something held to such great superiority and importance be subsided and disregarded in only a matter of seconds. Throughout this story, The Sun Parlor, by Dorothy West, I will show you the use of tone, setting, purpose, figurative language, symbolism, and theme, throughout this fictional story. Sun Parlor, a fictional story teaching readers the importance of treasuring great things rather than keeping them to yourself, rather than being worried aboutRead MoreBig Brother Is Watching You1106 Words   |  5 Pages AP US Government Mrs. Bradshaw 25 August 2014 Big Brother is Watching You 1984 is a novel that takes place in a Totalitarian dystopia named Oceania. The story follows a member of this futuristic society named Winston Smith, who is strongly opposed to the omniscient and oppressive â€Å"Big Brother† who runs the country. Winston works for the government in a division called the Ministry of Truth. He is responsible for altering history in the government’s favor. The government attempts to control theRead More1984 Doublethink Analysis1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Doublethink in The Government of 1984 â€Å" War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength,†. The following quote originates from the infamous novel, 1984 by George Orwell. The significance of this popular quote was to display an example of the action of doublethink. Doublethink is the act of having two contradictory thoughts at the same time and believing both are true. Doublethink plays an influential role in the novel, 1984. The novel takes place in a super-state by the nameRead MoreRorty 1984 Truth1398 Words   |  6 Pagesis that people are able to voice their beliefs and opinions without being scared about any repercussions. Winston wrote, â€Å"Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follows† (1984, 69). It can be seen why he thinks this is true by noticing that it encompasses the three necessities to freedom - the freedom to think the truth, to speak the truth, and to act on the truth. This can be linked to Rorty. Rorty believes that if a societyRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 1045 Words   |  5 PagesAndrea Keefe Honors English 11, Period 3 VanCuran 3/27/2017 1984 Foreword The time period in which 1984 was set was in the year 1984. It was very different from what our â€Å"1984† was like. Even though this book was not based on actual historical events, it does compare to things that happen in our society today. George Orwell also known as Eric Blair was born in 1903 in Motihari, Bengal. Orwell died on January 21st, 1950 in London, UnitedRead More1984, by George Orwell: An Analysis of a Totalitarian Society1605 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical and cultural expression is suppressed, (dictionary.com). Essentially, totalitarianism is a type of government in which the person or people in power seek to maintain absolute control over every person under their authority, with virtually all importance eliminated from the concept of an individual. The term was characterized by Hannah Arendt, the German-American political theorist who wrote The Origins of Totalitarianism, inspired by Hitler and Stalin of the just-finished World War II and just-startingRead M oreChildhood Amnesia and the Beginnings of Memory for Four Early Life Events1228 Words   |  5 Pagesreport memories dating from much before about three years of age. For the purpose of this assessment I have chosen the ‘Childhood Amnesia and the Beginnings of Memory for Four Early Life Events’ conducted by JoNell A. Usher and Ulric Neisser, published in 1993 in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Therefore, in the following paragraphs I will outline the aim of the study, the methodology and the overall findings. The current research indicates that most of the early memories are ofRead MoreIntel Corporation: The DRAM Decision1689 Words   |  7 Pagesprocess technology that would allow manufacturing of the devices to be commercially viable. By 1972, unit sales for the 1103, Intel’s original DRAM, had accounted for over 90% of the company’s $23.4 million revenue (Cogan Burgelman, 2004). By 1984, a combination of factors had contributed to lowering the profitability of the DRAM industry. As the DRAM industry matured, DRAMs began to take on the characteristics of a commodity product (Burgelman, 1994; Burgelman Grove, 2004). Competitors hadRead MoreCultural Death During The Melting Pot Of The World883 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequences of online interaction. When an individual willingly reveals their thoughts to a public, permanent domain, they waive their right to control. George Orwell accurately portrays the dangers of excessively revealing thoughts in his novel, â€Å" 1984† through his depiction of the â€Å"thought police,† which invades the minds of citizens to confirm that they are not attempting to direct change or reject the government. According to Huxleyan prophecy, governments do not need a thought police to control

The Internet Protocol - 2108 Words

The internet was invented around the early 1960s with the research of Packet switching. What they called ARPANET led to the development of the internetworking, where multiple networks could be joined together over to create a network of networks. IP defined by RFC791 was the first widely used versions of the internet protocol. This was known as version four, this would make you think that there were three other versions of IP before this version however, there really was not. IPv4 was originally designed for an internetwork, a fraction of what the size of the internet is today. IPv4 has served its purpose very well, however with the growth of the internet it was just a matter of time before they would need to create a new version of IP. The development of a new version IP would began in the mid-1990s. The new version of IP is known as Internet Protocol version Six (IPv6) or sometimes called IP next generation or IPng. One of the biggest questions that came about when the announcement of IPv6 was what Happened to IPv5. â€Å"The answer is: it doesn t exist. While this may seem confusing, version 5 was in fact intentionally skipped to avoid confusion, or at least to rectify it.† (Tcpipguide.com, 2014) If you consider just how much the internet has grown over the years you will notice that IPv4 has done its job very well, however as discussed it has been apparent for many years now that the limitation of IPv4 would be reached. This is where IPv6 comes into play. IP play such aShow MoreRelatedInternet Protocol Is The Primary Protocol707 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction: Internet Protocol is the primary protocol in the internet layer of the OSI networking model. IP’s job is to deliver packets from a source computer to a destination computer. As of May 2015, about 97% of web traffic uses IPv4. IPv6 is a 128-bit address. IPV6 is the standard fundamental infrastructure to the internet addressing. It helps us to simplify the transition from ipv4 to ipv6. Mainly ipv6 helps us in TCPIP networking and addressing architecture. The present variant of the Internet conventionRead MoreInternet Protocol And Its Effect On The Internet1698 Words   |  7 Pagesas smart phones and laptops, connect to the internet requiring a unique internet address for them to make the internet to function. The internet addresses are provided by the internet protocol (Levin Stephen, 2014). Currently, the very large proportion of the internet protocol (IP) addresses are provided by the internet protocol vision 4(IPv4) (Hamarsheh, Marnix , Rafe , 2011). The address format in IPv4 is dotted decimal notation. Internet protocol visions 4 uses 32-bit address which can provideRead MoreUses of Internet Protocol 703 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction: Internet Protocol (IP) technology was developed in the 1970s to support some of the first research computer networks. Today all machine, be it used at home, in an office or educational or research centre are connected on a network and have a unique identifier address. Just like you would address a letter to send in the post, computers use a unique identifier to send data to specific computers on a network. Most networks today, including all computers on the Internet, use the TCP/IPRead MoreTransition Mechanism Of The Internet Protocol Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology that facilitates the transitioning of the Internet from the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) infrastructure Mechanism to allow a smooth transition to the new version of the IP protocol, without the need for an abrupt change. With this idea in mind, several of these mechanisms were created in order to facilitate the coexistence of both versions. During the early stages of IPv6 deployment it was believed that adoption of the new protocol would be quick enough and that IPv6 would have gainedRead MoreGlobal Transition Of Internet Protocol2594 Words   |  11 PagesGlobal transition to Internet Protocol version 6 is initiated. The government and organizations understand the benefits of this new protocol and are making change plans. The Information technology industry is undergoing a massive transformation. This research paper would outline the migration, transformation, and configuration of Internet Protocol version 6 from Internet Protocol version 4. Currently; we are close to exhausting a lot of our options regarding current Internet Protocol version 4 addressesRead MoreQuestions On Internet Security Protocols1007 Words   |  5 PagesDestiny Case Internet Security Protocols Internet security protocols use many different methods to protect your computer from dangers across the internet. Because there are so many methods to do this with, there are also many protocols concerning internet security. Internet protocols as a group are often referred to as TCP or IP. TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol and IP stands for Internet Protocol. Internet Protocol will deal only with packets but Transmission Control Protocols allows moreRead MoreInternet And Local Security Applications And Protocols1410 Words   |  6 Pagestopic of knowledge of basic internet and local security applications and protocols, including high†security password generation. First, this essay will tell you things about the internet such as when it was created and who created it. Key terms of the internet will be discussed too. Mainly the most important but basic key terms of the internet, however. Also, this essay will tell you the importance of security applications and proto cols. Security applications and protocols are crucial for the use ofRead MoreInternet Protocol Version 6 : Ipv6 And The Future Of The Internet828 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Protocol version 6 was first proposed in the 1990s by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). IPv6 was to be the predecessor of IPv4. It was designed to support the Internet’s extensive growth and address security concerns through packet-level encryption and stepped-up authentication. It would also allow routers to better manage traffic flow through such features as packet labeling. (The Tortured History of Internet Protocol v6). The need for IPv6 is growing by the day. There are goodRead MoreIpv6 And The Current Version Of Internet Protocol1229 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract 2 Introduction 3 Description 4 Abstract With the rapidly approaching global shortage of IPv4 addresses, the current version of Internet Protocol is slowly getting into its limitation of address space and its insufficient security features. IPv6 is the next generation of IP addressing. Used on the internet and on many LANs and WANs that is designed to meet the shortage of IPv4. When IPv4 (a 32-bit system) can have approximately 4 billion total theoretical addressesRead MoreInternet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)2777 Words   |  11 PagesInternet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the next protocol version that it is used for communications on Internet. The Internet based on IPv4 protocol has made countless success in the past 20 years. Yet it has some limitations that were not estimated when it was ï ¬ rst created, the IPv4 protocol cannot content the requirements of the Internet expanding. It is reported that all unallocated addresses for IPv4 will be used up within 5 to 6 years. IPv6 protocol suite was presented in IETF (Interne t Engineer

Satisfaction and Loyalty Relationship †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Satisfaction and Loyalty Relationship. Answer: Introduction: Nowadays, buying and shopping at big malls is becoming a day to day activity of every metropolitan citizen. There has been huge rush in every malls and supermarkets during holidays and weekends. The rush even gets more when there are any special discounts and special offers for the customers. Oz supermarket, which has installed the PayWave technology and RFID technology in its business operations, is very beneficial for both the customers and the company(Almsalam, 2014). The number of customers at the stated organisation has increased throughout Australia due to its cheap prices and quality products. Thus, continuous improvement is to be done in the business operations to do the transactions of the customers more speedily and accurately. Traditional billing system needs to be improved in the current shopping context of the customers in order to enhance the quality of the shopping experience of the customers(Bacal, 2011). In order to overcome these issues, Oz supermarket have installe d and adopted PayWave technology at all its outlets and do not accept cash anymore. It is a modern technology regarding which a customer has to wave his or her card at the entrance and then allowed entry. Contactless payment technology has been successfully launched by many companies and Oz Supermarket is among them. The technology is still in its expanding condition and has been accepted by many organisations of different nations. PayWave technology has been a successful hit in countries like Malaysia, South Korea, US and is currently enhancing its market in Australia. Over 10 million Visa PayWave cards are already in circulation around the globe(Bruch, 2017). It has been found in various studies regarding PayWave technology that organisations that launched and implemented the PayWave technology made the transactions 25% faster than the transactions made with cash. Involving merchants such Oz Supermarket also gets benefit from this speedy transactions and convenience of the customers as they dont have to make any signature or enter their pin for their low value purchases. The increase in the speed and convenience directly gets linked with the better commercial performance. (Gures, Arslan Yucel Tun, 2014) As for illustration, customers paying with PayWave card at the Oz supermarket now take only four to six seconds to make a transaction, as compared to the traditional magnetic stripe card which used to take mo re than 40 seconds in average. But there is scepticism amongst many stakeholders of the Oz supermarket mainly the investors and the merchants who need to see the real benefit of this new technology. With the execution of the contactless payments or the PayWave payment to consumers, there have been many benefits and barriers to the technology stake and for the customers. According to the survey conducted by Visa Commission regarding the views of the customers on contactless payment in 2006, there was mostly favourable response from the respondents. With the PayWave technology, customers now have to spend less time in queues(Gures, Arslan Yucel Tun, 2014). The PayWave transactions are significantly faster than the traditional method of swiping cards, PIN or cash transactions, thus, holds the potentiality to reduce the queuing time of the customers. The stated modern technology also has great impact on the convenience of the customers. The contactless payments seem to be more convenient way of making low-value transactions(Gures, Arslan Yucel Tun, 2014). It is very interesting that with the execution of PayWave transaction system, consumers instead of fumbling for cash at vending machines, they just wave the card and go. One of the perceived benefits of the PayWave cards or the contactless payments is the simple ability of not carrying the change around. With it, the chance of losing money and risk of any fraudulent transactions are also diminished. This was seen after the PayWave technology, there has been reduction in the risk of losing money and the inconvenience of not having adequate cash to pay for any item that consumer wanted to purchase(Jayshree, Gholap Yadav, 2014). According to the survey of Visa, consumers are strongly attracted to the innovative and modern or trendy aspects of contactless payments. As per many financial products, where the security and reliability is the most important aspects for the customers, it has been noted that PayWave technology delivers both vendors and the consumers the opportunity of greater convenience along with an element of excitement and fun. As per the implementation of PayWave technology, there will be a different business situation for Oz supermarket. Though there will be many benefits for the company in implementing the contactless payment method, the scale of any of the impact of the will be highly situational(M S, 2013). There are many factors that impacts this modern technology such as the percentage of business conducted during the peak hours, the intensity of the local competition and the customer service model executed by the company(Morea, 2010). It is evident that speed in the transaction process at a shopping centre is an important proportion and thus makes the increased speed of the contactless payments a very crucial option. As per the case study, Oz supermarket has also implemented the RFID technology in its trolleys. Under this, system, all the products will be equipped with RFID tags. When a customer puts any product in the trolley, the code will be detected and the price of those products will be stored in the memory. As customers put the products, the costs will be added to the total bill of the customer(Morea, 2010). All the details of the products and its pricing will be displayed on the LCD display of the shopping trolley. With this system, consumers will have the information about the price of every item that are scanned in, total billing of the items and will also be outlined over the screen. This system will surely save the time of the purchasers and will also reduce the manpower required in the mall and the cost associated in the product. With the automatic billing system, consumers will not have to stand in queues for long time as billing will automatically be done at the trolleys, and thus customers just have to wave the total amount through their PayWave cards and go. With the improvement in technology, and with greater bank support, digital wallets and mobile payments, the business transaction has been changed a lot in recent years. The consumption of the modern technology has enhanced the point of sale in many organisations. It is evident that if companies could provide better customer service and technology to the customers, they will surely appreciate being able to use the digital wallet technology. There has been increment in the customer experience with the contactless payments. With the PayWave technology, the time consumed in the queues gets reduced with it(Oxford, Baschnonga Wulgaert, 2017). One of the major complaints with the traditional method of transaction such as card payment and PIN payments is the time consumption. The time required in the terminal is more as compared to the payments made with PayWave. As the consumers and vendors are getting habituated with this longer transaction time, the faster option preferred by the contact s payments such PayWave, which is implemented by Oz supermarket is very attractive to the customers(Oxford, Baschnonga Wulgaert, 2017). For Oz supermarket, keeping the lines moving quickly is a method of improving the customers experience. Training and motivation the employees regarding the contactless payments at the terminal, will surely help the management of stated organisation in cutting down the transaction times. Another thing that could be improved with the PayWave technology is the integrated loyalty programs and the email receipts. Innovative loyalty programs and the paperless interaction with the customers are also a very fantastic benefit of the merchants that could be enables with the contactless payments. It is evident that in the current competitive business environment, consumers always look for the value and convenience, and both of these could be added with the advanced features of the contactless payments and the digital wallets(Oxford, Baschnonga Wulgaert, 2017). The adoption of contactless payments system at Oz supermarket will surely enhance the customer shopping experience and the convenience. If Oz supermarket could execute the loyalty programs and reward programs along with its PayWave technology, it will surely push the customers in the adoption of the contactless payments. With the digital loyalty programs, customers will have the option of exploring the digital loyalty programs through any App market. Enhancing and building the customer loyalty through a digital rewards program will motivate and even reward the customer for using the contactless payments. Another thing that Oz supermarket could do to improve its service operations is getting into an interaction with the customers. Getting into the conversation with the customers and gathering their views about their shopping experience will surely provide important details to the management of the Oz supermarket. With the implementation of PayWave technology and the RFID technology in the trolleys, the management of supermarket not only gives benefit to the customers but also provides assistance to them(Phair, 2016). With the implementation of the modern technology, the management of Oz supermarket can reduce the transaction time of the customers by automatically emailing receipts to the customers rat her than printing the receipt. There are always strategies that need to be executed by companies in order to improve their services and to provide the superior quality of customer assistance. It is always important to provide the demand of the customers irrespective of the trade of the company. Every business enterprise in the current business context wants to attain more and more customers and wants to deliver quality service to them(Morea, 2010). In order to provide quality customer service, it is important for Oz supermarket to get professional in every field. Providing customers with high quality products at cheaper rates than the competitors will help the stated firm in growing its business. It is also important that the management gets in everyday interaction with its customers(Morea, 2010). Just implementing the modern technology and forgetting about the importance of customers feedback is evidently not a way to satisfy customers and improve business. It is important that the stated firm understands the dem ands and requirements of the customers clearly. It is also important to keep the interaction concise and clear. Delivering a superior customer service is no longer an exceptional benefit as most of the companies in this competitive business environment are trying to do their best in meeting the consumers demand. Customer service is a key issue in every organisation that involves the entire staff of the company from the executives to the lowest ranks workers, customers are the foundation of any business(Oxford, Baschnonga Wulgaert, 2017). It is important that Oz supermarket delight its customers in order to keep its business into competition. Another reason to develop the customer service is the business environment. The business environment of every company is not stable, as many factors such as economic, legal and technological factors impact the business condition. With the implementation of modern technology, it is also important to take good care of the existing customers. Meeting the customers expectations can cause repeat and enhanced business and lead to attract new customers. Every bu siness enterprise understands that the retention of the customers is very important. Meeting the customers expectation will help the Oz supermarket in retaining its customers and in improving its reputation(Oxford, Baschnonga Wulgaert, 2017). The management of Oz supermarket must understand that unless customer retention could not be formed, there will be very less chance for the company to grow. It is also important that the organisational objectives, mission and vision of Oz supermarket is also formed or altered according the customer orientation. The consumption of the modern technology has enhanced the point of sale in many organisations. It is evident that if companies could provide better customer service and technology to the customers, they will surely appreciate being able to use the digital wallet technology(Oxford, Baschnonga Wulgaert, 2017). Oz supermarket in order to improve the customer service could provide customers with high quality products at cheaper rates than the competitors, which will help the stated firm in growing its business. Another thing that stated firm could do is enhancing and building the customer loyalty through a digital rewards program will motivate and even reward the customer for using the contactless payments. References Almsalam, S. (2014). The Effects of Customer Expectation and Perceived Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction.International Journal Of Business And Management Invention,3(8), 79-84. Retrieved from https://www.ijbmi.org/papers/Vol(3)8/I038079084.pdf Bacal, R. (2011).Perfect phrases for customer service. New York: McGraw-Hill. Bruch, M. (2017). Customer Service. Retrieved from https://www.uvm.edu/vtagritourism/files/customer-service-purdue-extension.pdf Gures, N., Arslan, S., Yucel Tun, S. (2014). Customer Expectation, Satisfaction and Loyalty Relationship in Turkish Airline Industry.International Journal Of Marketing Studies,6(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v6n1p66 Jayshree, G., Gholap, R., Yadav, P. (2014). RFID Based Automatic Billing Trolley.International Journal Of Emerging Technology And Advanced Engineering,4(3), 136-139. Retrieved from https://www.ijetae.com/files/Volume4Issue3/IJETAE_0314_24.pdf M S, S. (2013). RFID Based Automated Billing System Using Zigbee Embedded Into Shopping Cart.IOSR Journal Of Business And Management,14(6), 21-28. https://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-1462128 Morea, D. (2010). Contactless Payments: The Tipping Point Is at Hand. Oxford, A., Baschnonga, A., Wulgaert, T. (2017). Where next for mobile money?,4(2). Retrieved from https://performance.ey.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/02/Performance-4.2-January-2012-Journal-v17-p62p69.pdf Phair, N. (2016). The Truth about Contactless Payments. Retrieved from https://www.canberra.edu.au/cis/storage/Contactless%20payments.pdf Trtsch, T. (2014). The Impact of Contactless Payment on Spending.International Journal Of Economic Sciences,3(4), 70-94. Retrieved from https://www.creditcards.ca/credit-card-news/images/030416%20impact%20of%20contactless%20on%20spending.pdf